A
ABS (Anti-lock braking system)
A system, usually electronically controlled, that prevents the wheels from locking up during braking by reducing fluid pressure in the wheel brakes.
emergency brake
A brake system independent of the main hydraulic brake system that can be used to slow or stop the vehicle if the main brakes fail, or to hold the vehicle in place when the brake pedal is released. Usually has a lever that is mechanically connected to the front or rear brakes using cables and linkages. Also known as hand brake or parking brake.
Adsorber
An element of the environmental protection system designed to prevent fuel vapors from entering the atmosphere: it contains activated charcoal granules to retain fuel vapors in the engine fuel supply system.
Adsorber
Ampere (A)
Unit of measurement for electric current. One A is the current flowing through a resistance of 1 ohm with a voltage difference at its ends of 1 V.
anaerobic compactor
Agent for preventing loosening of bolts and screws.
Anaerobic means that it does not require oxygen to activate. Loctite brand sealant is widely used.
Anti-tack compound
A coating that reduces the risk of sticking of joints that are exposed to high temperatures, such as exhaust manifold bolts and nuts.
anti-seize compound
Antifreeze
Substance (usually ethylene glycol), which, mixed with water, is used in the car's cooling system to prevent the coolant from freezing in winter. Antifreeze also contains chemical additives to prevent corrosion and rust, which would tend to clog the radiator and coolant passages and reduce the efficiency of the cooling system.
Asbestos
Natural fibrous mineral with high thermal resistance, commonly used in brake lining materials.
Asbestos is hazardous to health and the dust generated by brake systems must not be inhaled or ingested.
B
beat
Radial or axial movement of the rim or end of a rotating part relative to a fixed point due to inaccuracy in its manufacture or improper fit on the shaft.
Electronic control unit
The computer that controls (For example) ignition and fuel injection system or anti-lock braking system.
IN
drive shaft
Any shaft that transmits torque. Usually this is the name of the axle shaft in front-wheel drive vehicles.
drive shaft
bleed valve
A valve or locking screw on a brake cylinder, caliper, or other hydraulic component that opens to bleed the hydraulic system to remove air. Sometimes called a nipple.
Phillips screw
A type of screw that has a cross-slot head instead of a slotted head. It requires the appropriate type of screwdriver.
air cleaner
A metal or plastic housing containing a filter element that cleans the air entering the engine from dust and dirt.
air cleaner
air bag (pillow) security
Inflatable bag hidden in the steering wheel (on the driver's side) or in a glove box (passenger side). In a frontal collision, the bags inflate, protecting the driver and front passenger from hitting the steering wheel or windshield.
Volt (IN)
A unit of measurement for voltage in an electrical circuit. A voltage of 1 V is formed at the ends of a 1 Ω resistance when a current of 1 A flows through it.
Intake manifold
A pipeline with channels through which the working mixture (carbureted engine and engine with throttle injection) or air (diesel engine) connected to the valves in the cylinder head.
Release bearing
A thrust bearing in the clutch that is axially displaced by the action of the clutch pedal and actuates the release levers or diaphragm spring petals to disengage the clutch. Starter Interlock Switch On vehicles with automatic transmission, a switch that prevents starting unless Neutral or Park is engaged.
An exhaust manifold
A pipeline with several channels through which exhaust gases exit the combustion chambers of the engine and enter the exhaust pipe.
An exhaust manifold
Viscosity
A quantity that characterizes the resistance of a fluid to flow.
G
Vibration damper
A device designed to reduce vibration during rotation of the crankshaft. Can be installed in the crankshaft pulley.
Generator
A piece of electrical equipment in a car that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It is driven by the crankshaft through a belt drive. It is used to recharge the battery, the operation of the ignition system and electrical appliances.
Generator parts
sealant
Liquid or paste to prevent leakage in the connection. Sometimes used in conjunction with a gasket.
hydraulic pusher
Pushrod that uses hydraulic pressure from the engine's lubrication system to maintain zero clearance (constant contact) with camshaft and valve stem. Automatically adjusts to changes in the length of the valve stem when it is heated. Hydraulic tappets reduce valve noise.
D
oxygen sensor
A device installed in the exhaust manifold of an engine that detects the oxygen content of the exhaust gases and converts this information into electrical current. Also known as a lambda probe. Overhead valve engine An engine with valves located in the cylinder head, but with a camshaft located in the engine block.
Overhead Cam Engine
Engine with camshaft (ami), located on the cylinder head.
Diagnostic code (fault code)
A digital code generated by the electronic engine control system when a malfunction occurs. This code can be read through the diagnostic module and used to determine the part of the system where the problem may be.
disc brake
A brake that includes a rotating disc that is compressed by brake pads. During friction, the energy of a moving car is converted into heat.
Remote laying (washer)
A thin spacer used to adjust the axial clearance or relative position between two pieces. Adjustment is made by changing the thickness of the tire gasket.
3
Stub
A piece of metal in the form of a disk or plate that closes a hole in a casting through which sand is removed from it. In the cast parts of the engine housing, such plugs also act as safety elements that reduce the likelihood of damage when the coolant freezes.
Gap
The distance between two parts. For example, between a piston and a cylinder, between a bearing and a trunnion, etc.
valve clearance
Clearance between valve stop (valve stem end) and rocker or pusher. Valve clearance is measured when the valve is closed.
Triggering from an external source
Starting a car engine with a discharged or weak battery, from a charged battery by connecting the batteries with large wires. Sprocket A wheel with teeth that meshes with a chain or toothed belt.
AND
Indicator
A device or lamp on the instrument panel designed to monitor the condition of vehicle systems. An indicator with a movable pointer and scale divisions is called an analog indicator. An indicator with a numerical display of information is called a digital indicator.
Tool for measuring beats and backlash.
Spark gap (gap)
The distance between the center and ground electrodes in the spark plug. Also refers to the gap between the contacts in the breaker assembly in conventional contact ignition.
Spark Plug Gap Adjustment
Plain bearing clearance gauge
A thin plastic thread in various sizes used to measure gaps. For example, to measure the clearance in a sleeve bearing, a thread must be laid across the bearing trunnion. Assemble and disassemble the bearing: The width of the crushed strip will indicate the amount of clearance between the journal and the bearing.
Plain bearing clearance gauge
TO
Carburetor
A device that mixes fuel with air in the proper proportions to provide the required power to a spark-ignition internal combustion engine.
Carburetor
cardan shaft
A long hollow tube with universal joints at the ends that transmits torque from the transmission to the differential on rear-wheel drive, front-engined vehicles. Cardan joint Double swivel to transmit rotation at a certain angle. The universal joint consists of two U-shaped forks and a cross joint called a cross.
crankshaft housing
The lower part of the engine block in which the crankshaft rotates.
catalytic converter
A device in the exhaust system, located in the muffler, which converts some particularly harmful components of the exhaust gases into less harmful ones.
catalytic converter
Valve
A device through which the flow of liquid or gas passes, the amount of which can be controlled by a movable part that opens, closes, or partially blocks one or more passages. The valve is also called the moving part of such a device.
Exhaust gas recirculation valve
Valve for passing exhaust gases into the intake manifold.
Exhaust gas recirculation valve
Allen Key
Hex key for loosening hexagon socket screws.
Crankshaft
The main shaft of the engine, located along the entire length of the crankcase, and having cranks to which the connecting rods are attached.
crankshaft assembly
Shoe brake
Brake in the form of a metal drum located inside the wheel. When the brake pedal is depressed, the curved brake pads press against the inside of the drum to slow or stop the vehicle.
Shoe brake
Compression
Reducing the volume and increasing the pressure and temperature of the gas.
Lock-nut
A nut that holds another nut, normally used for adjustment, in position.
main bearings
Bearings in which the crankshaft rotates in the crankcase. In an in-line engine, the number of main bearings is usually one more than the number of cylinders. Main bearings are usually made in the form of bores in the crankcase, in which liners are laid, coated on the inside with an anti-friction material with a low coefficient of friction.
rocker
Two-arm lever, swinging on an axle or on a trunnion. In an overhead valve engine, the rocker arm transmits the movement of the tappet to the valve stem. Castellated nut An elongated nut with through-slots on the top to secure the nut to a bolt or stud against self-loosening.
castle nut
"Crocodile"
Long spring metal clip with teeth. Used for temporary connection to the mains.
L
headlamp
An obsolete headlight design that combines reflector, lens and filaments into a hermetically sealed unit. When the filaments burn out or cracks appear on the lens, the entire unit is replaced.
backlash
Movement due to the gap between two parts. In relation to the crankshaft, the distance that the crankshaft can be mixed forward and backward in the cylinder block.
M
Flywheel
A massive disk in which the energy of impulses is accumulated during working strokes in the cylinders. On automobiles, the flywheel is attached to the crankshaft to smooth out uneven rotation.
multimeter
An electrical test instrument capable of measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Also known as tester.
Fan clutch
Hydraulic transmission that allows you to maintain the desired fan speed at a variable engine speed.
ABOUT
pressure limiter
A hydraulic control valve that limits the pressure in the rear brakes during emergency braking to prevent complete braking of the wheel.
Load dependent pressure limiter
Control valve for the brake hydraulic system, which works like a pressure limiter, but also takes into account the load on the rear axle.
Nitrogen oxides
The main toxic pollutant emitted by gasoline and diesel engines at high temperatures. Ohm A unit of electrical resistance. A resistance of 1 ohm when a current of 1 A is passed through it creates a voltage drop of 1 V.
Ohmmeter
Measuring device for determining electrical resistance.
Ignition advance
The angle that the crankshaft must rotate in order for the piston to reach top dead center, usually expressed as a number of degrees, when the mixture ignites.
Axis
The shaft on which the wheel rotates or which rotates with the wheel. Also - a beam that connects the two wheels of the car. The axle that also transmits torque to the wheels is called the drive axle.
drive axle
flap washer
Washer designed to prevent spontaneous unscrewing or loosening of nuts for fastening units and parts by bending a special washer tongue onto the face of the nut.
P
Partition
Part of a car body that separates the engine compartment from the passenger compartment.
Fuse
An electrical device that protects a circuit from accidental overload. A typical fuse contains a fusible wire that is calibrated so. so that it can melt with a certain strength of electric current (in amperes) and disconnect the protected circuit.
fusible link
A circuit protection device consisting of a conductor surrounded by heat-resistant insulation. The conductor has a diameter smaller than that of the protected conductor, so that it acts as the weakest link in the circuit. Unlike a blown fuse, a broken fuse must be cut off the wire for replacement.
Plain bearing
A unit that ensures easy rotation of the shaft in the housing and prevents their relative radial mixing. It is usually made in the form of a cylindrical bore in the body, into which a bushing or insert made of anti-friction material with a low coefficient of friction is inserted. A plain bearing generally requires good pressurized lubrication. An example is engine crankshaft bearings.
Plain bearing
half shaft
The rotating shaft, which transmits torque from the final drive to the drive wheel, is usually installed in the driven rear axle.
The order of operation of the cylinders
The order in which the mixture ignites in the engine cylinders, starting with the first cylinder.
Auxiliary drive
Belt drive designed to drive auxiliary units such as generator, water pump, power steering pump, air conditioning compressor, etc. from the crankshaft pulley.
Auxiliary drive
Longitudinal inclination of the kingpin
The angle of the wheels, which determines the inclination of the axis of the kingpin in the longitudinal plane. The angle of longitudinal inclination of the kingpin is considered positive. when the top of its axis is tilted back.
Bleeding the brakes
Procedure for bleeding air from the hydraulic brake actuation system.
Bleeding the brakes
Pad
Any thin, soft material—usually cork, cardboard, asbestos, or soft metal—set between two metal surfaces to provide a good seal. For example, a cylinder head gasket is installed in the connection between the block and the cylinder head.
Pad
snap ring
Ring-shaped clamp to prevent longitudinal movement of cylindrical parts and shafts. The inner spring ring is installed in the recess (groove) in the housing, the outer snap ring is inserted into the recess (groove) on the outer surface of the cylindrical shaft.
R
Radiator
A heat exchange device that provides heat transfer from liquid to air, designed to reduce the temperature of the liquid in the cooling system of an internal combustion engine.
Camshaft
A rotating shaft containing a series of cams that actuate the engine's valve mechanisms. The camshaft can be chain or belt driven.
Rack and pinion steering
A steering system in which the steering shaft has a pinion at the end that meshes with the rack. When the steering wheel is turned, the drive gear turns and moves the rack to the left or right. This movement is transmitted through the steering rods to the steered wheels.
Adjustment
The process of fine-tuning and careful tuning of the operation of an engine, including the replacement of certain parts in order to obtain the best possible performance.
Camshaft drive belt
Toothed belt that rotates the camshaft. A broken belt while the engine is running can have serious consequences. Gas recirculation Removal of part of the exhaust gases to the engine inlet for re-burning in order to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
Rotor
Rotating part of any device (for example generator).
The turbocharger rotor is an assembly that includes a compressor wheel, a shaft and a turbine wheel.
The ignition distributor rotor is the rotating part of the ignition distributor that alternately connects the central electrode on the distributor cap to the high voltage spark plug wires and directs the high voltage from the ignition coil winding to the proper spark plug.
WITH
Welding
The connection of two parts by heating and melting the metal in the welding area.
free running
Move before the start of the action. "free movement" in a linkage or assembly, between the start of force application and actual movement. For example, the distance that the brake pedal moves before the piston starts moving in the brake master cylinder.
Serpentine Drive
An engine accessory drive that uses a single, wide, long belt that spans all the pulleys instead of multiple short belts.
Serpentine Drive
Engine management system
Computer that controls fuel injection and ignition.
Compression ratio
The ratio of the cylinder volume when the piston is at bottom dead center to the cylinder volume when the piston is at top dead center.
MacPherson strut
A type of front suspension system invented by Earl MacPherson at Ford in England. In its original form, the lower suspension arm is formed by a simple horizontal connection with an anti-roll bar. A long strut is installed between the body and the steering knuckle, combining a coil spring and a shock absorber into one unit. Many modern so-called MacPherson struts use a conventional A-arm as their lower support and are not supported by an anti-roll bar.
caliper
The stationary part of a disc brake that wraps around the disc and guides the brake pads. The caliper also houses the working hydraulic cylinders of the brake system with pistons that press the brake pads against the disc during braking.
wiring diagram
A drawing depicting the components and wires of a vehicle's electrical system, using standardized symbols.
Wheel toe-in
The difference in distance between the end surfaces of the wheels in front and behind. If this distance is greater behind than in front, the convergence is called positive, if vice versa, then negative. Usually convergence is important for the front (managed) wheels. On rear-wheel drive vehicles, a slight positive toe-in is needed to compensate for the forces tending to push the wheels apart so that the front wheels are parallel when driving. On front-wheel drive vehicles, a small toe-in is usually set (negative convergence).
T
Thermostat
A temperature controlled valve that regulates the flow of coolant between the cylinder block and the radiator to maintain optimum engine temperature. The thermostat is also used in some air cleaners that have temperature control.
Pusher
A cylindrical piece that transmits movement from the cam to the valve stem, either directly or via a rocker arm.
brake lining
A part made of a friction material having a high coefficient of friction. The brake lining is glued or riveted to the steel base, which together makes up the brake shoe.
Brake shoe
The part of a disc or drum brake that presses against the surface of a disc or drum connected to a wheel and is designed to slow or stop a vehicle. The brake shoe usually has a base made of steel in the shape of the link being stopped (flat - for disc brakes and sickle - for drum), to which a brake lining made of friction material is glued or riveted. Brake Drum The part of the brake that rotates with the wheel and is acted upon by the brake pads to stop the vehicle.
Brake disk
The part of the brake that rotates with the wheel and is acted upon by the brake pads to stop the vehicle.
tracer
Stripes of a different color applied to the insulator of a wire to distinguish that wire from another with an insulator of the same color.
Turbocharger
A device with a gas turbine and a centrifugal compressor that is driven by the exhaust gases to increase the air pressure in the intake manifold. It is usually used to increase engine power with the same cylinder displacement.
At
impact puller
A special puller that screws into or attaches to a part, such as a shaft or bearing. There is a massive blank on the puller rod that can slide along the rod. At the free end of the rod there is a stop, which hits the blank, freeing the part to be removed.
Sealing ring
A type of seal made of a special rubber material. When assembling the assembly, to ensure a reliable seal, the ring is placed in a groove in which it is crimped by the part to be attached.
W
Air cleaner element
The main element of the air cleaner, usually made of porous paper, through which all the air entering the engine passes.
X
refrigerant
Any substance used to dissipate heat in an air conditioning system. For many years, R-12 was the most common refrigerant; however, manufacturers have recently begun to use the less toxic substance R-134a.. which does less harm to the ozone layer of the atmosphere.
Honing
Abrasive tool for correcting small deviations in bore cylindricity or differences in the diameters of engine cylinders, brake cylinders, etc.
C
coil spring
Flexible steel spiral with different dimensions. It is used in many parts of the car, for example, as an elastic element in the suspension, in the valve mechanism.
W
ball bearing
A unit that provides easy rotation of the shaft in the housing and its fixation relative to the housing in the radial and axial directions. The bearing consists of an inner and outer ring with steel balls between them.
Constant-velocity joint
A type of universal joint that does not experience speed fluctuations caused by changes in the torque transfer angle. Connecting Rod Bearing The bearing that connects the bottom end of the connecting rod to the engine crankshaft. Usually performed in the form of a plain bearing.
Calipers
Precise measuring instrument that measures inside and outside dimensions. Not as accurate as a micrometer, but more convenient.
SCH
probe
A thin strip or blade of hard steel having a certain thickness is used to determine gaps between parts.
probe
E
Electronic fuel injection control system
A computer-controlled fuel delivery system that distributes fuel to injectors located in each engine intake port.